You are to write a 2-3 page paper, in APA formatting, which addresses the case questions. Your answer must be supplemented with research from your book, CDC, NIH, and other quality sources to determine answers and solutions. Note: A minimum of three references should be used that support your responses in your paper. This is a paper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather you should use titles and subtitles.

Access the case study in your textbook on page 609 “Capstone Case H: Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Type II Diabetes”. Answer questions 1-48 only.

CASE STUDY:

Capstone Case H: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Type II Diabetes

Diabetes is a major health problem, particularly for the millions of Americans with undiagnosed diabetes, for whom treatment and glycemic control could substantially reduce the onset of complications of this disease. The CDC Diabetes Cost-Effectiveness Group has published a number of articles based on cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) using a sophisticated Markov simulation model. This probability- based model predicts the onset of diabetes in a hypothetical cohort of patients and follows them as they transition into the various disease states associated with complications and ultimately death. The first analysis (1998) estimates the cost-effectiveness of one-time opportunistic screening (i.e., done during routine contact with a health system). Two cohorts were used in this study, (1) a hypothetical population without diabetes assigned to either opportunistic screening or current clinical practice, and (2) a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 newly diagnosed diabetics who are followed for the development of major complications under the two screening alternatives. The second analysis (2002) estimates the cost-effectiveness of three interventions for the hypothetical cohort of 10,000 newly diagnosed diabetics: (1) intensive glycemic control; (2) intensive hypertension control; and (3) reduction in serum cholesterol. Hoerger and colleagues (2004) use the CDC Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of two screening strategies: (1) diabetes screening targeted at those individuals with hypertension and (2) universal diabetes screening.

Questions

1. What is the difference between cost–benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost–utility analysis?

2. What is the relationship between cost and effectiveness? Does more effectiveness always cost more money?

3. When doing CEA it is important to identify the perspective from which the analysis is conducted. In other words, from whose perspective are the costs and benefits recognized? What are the different perspectives? With the diabetes CEA, a single-payer perspective is assumed. What does this mean, and what kinds of costs are ignored?

4. What kinds of costs are usually included in a CEA? The diabetes CEA included screening costs, treatment costs, diabetes intervention costs, and diabetes complication costs. Under what category of costs would screening and treatments fall?

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Annotated Bibliography

•Select a topic related to the environment–review materials in Paper 2 folder for help

•Research that topic and select three to four articles that you believe will be useful to use as resources for your research paper (Paper 3)

•Read the articles you’ve selected to make sure you have a good understanding of them

•For each article you will write a one paragraph summary of the article (in

your own words) You will then write a second paragraph explaining why

this article will be helpful to you when you write your paper

•The format of Paper 2 is APA style, follow the format for a title page–you do not need an abstract page or a reference page

•Articles and their annotations (summaries) will be listed in alphabetical order by author’s last name

•The page length for this paper should be at least 3 pages, but can be longer.

Make sure you include three to four articles in your paper

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/annotated_bibliographies/annotated_bibliography_samples.html

Library Databases

Below are six library databases to use to find articles for your annotated bibliography and research paper:

•Academic Search Complete

•Credo Reference

•JSTOR

•Newspaper Source Plus

•Sustainability Reference Center

•US Major Dailies

If you find another database that’s helpful to your research that is certainly fine. Make sure with any database that you select

full text articles to save for your papers.

Keep in mind that Paper 2 and Paper 3 are APA style, so when using these databases save your citations in APA format. This will save you some time when you write your paper because you won’t have to format your citations from the very beginning

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

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Go online and search for information about companies that have been harmed or bankrupted by a disaster. Choose one such company and create a brief case study about it. Successful narratives will focus on the manner in which the organization was impacted, including financial losses, losses of sales, or the need for layoffs. Your assignment should be 3-4 paragraphs in length.

No plagarism

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Assessing the Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat

Most ear, nose, and throat conditions that arise in non-critical care settings are minor in nature. However, subtle symptoms can sometimes escalate into life-threatening conditions that require prompt assessment and treatment.

Nurses conducting assessments of the ears, nose, and throat must be able to identify the small differences between life-threatening conditions and benign ones. For instance, if a patient with a sore throat and a runny nose also has inflamed lymph nodes, the inflammation is probably due to the pathogen causing the sore throat rather than a case of throat cancer. With this knowledge and a sufficient patient health history, a nurse would not need to escalate the assessment to a biopsy or an MRI of the lymph nodes but would probably perform a simple strep test.

In this Case Study Assignment, you consider case studies of abnormal findings from patients in a clinical setting. You determine what history should be collected from the patients, what physical exams and diagnostic tests should be conducted, and formulate a differential diagnosis with several possible conditions.

To Prepare

• By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
• Also, your Case Study Assignment should be in the Episodic/Focused SOAP Note format rather than the traditional narrative style format. Refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text and the Episodic/Focused SOAP Template in the Week 5 Learning Resources for guidance. Remember that all Episodic/Focused SOAP Notes have specific data included in every patient case.

With regard to the case study you were assigned:

• Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider the insights they provide.
• Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient.
• Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
• Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient.

The Assignment

Use the Episodic/Focused SOAP Template and create an episodic/focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the episodic/focused note template provided in the Week 5 resources. Provide evidence from the literature to support diagnostic tests that would be appropriate for each case. List five different possible conditions for the patient’s differential diagnosis and justify why you selected each.

CASE STUDY 1: Focused Nose Exam Richard is a 50-year-old male with nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and postnasal drainage. Richard has struggled with an itchy nose, eyes, palate, and ears for 5 days. As you check his ears and throat for redness and inflammation, you notice him touch his fingers to the bridge of his nose to press and rub there. He says he’s taken Mucinex OTC the past 2 nights to help him breathe while he sleeps. When you ask if the Mucinex has helped at all, he sneers slightly and gestures that the improvement is only minimal. Richard is alert and oriented. He has pale, boggy nasal mucosa with clear thin secretions and enlarged nasal turbinates, which obstruct airway flow but his lungs are clear. His tonsils are not enlarged but his throat is mildly erythematous.

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To prepare for this assignment:

• Bring to mind what you have learned in the past two weeks about Gestalt and Existential theories and their respective theoretical approaches. Select one of these approaches on which to base this assignment.
• Review Client Profile 3: Patrick in this week’s Learning Resources, and think about how you might use your chosen approach with this client.
• Review the course text readings and the media segments for this week, paying attention to how the experts use a specific theoretical orientation, or approach, to evaluate a client.

The assignment:

• In a 1- to 3-page paper, critically evaluate the client in Client Profile 3 using either a Gestalt or Existential approach. Make sure you address:
• • The strengths and limitations to using this approach with this client
  • The specific cultural/gender/age issues that need to be attended to with this client
  • The ethical or legal issues that need to be attended to with this client
  • The overall therapeutic goal with this client
  • How you would proceed with this client:
  • • How would you begin?
    • What would be the goals of therapy?
    • What specific strategies and/or techniques might you use?

References:

Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10the ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Video: Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2006). Counseling and psychotherapy theories: Case study: A humanistic/person-centered perspective. Baltimore: Author.

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